In this TW DB will initially review the up-to-date evidence supporting the use of non-invasive motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain management. He will provide a critical appraisal of the rationale, utility and limitations of a treatment approach that is currently entering guidelines for pain management of refractory to pharmacological approaches. This presentation will be followed by Zheng Gan, who will review the known mechanistic framework for M1 stimulation for analgesic purposes. He will then present new groundbreaking data indicating that stimulation of different cortical layers of the precentral gyrus can lead to different outcomes in experimental animals. Based on a comprehensive use of viral tracing and mouse genetics, combined with chemo- and optogenetic approaches, he will show how steering of stimulation within M1 cortical layers can improve pain-related symptoms and improve outcomes. These presentations will be followed by DCA, who will present new strategies to personalize non-invasive neuromodulation such as the use of connectivity measurements by EEG coupled with TMS and the possibility to use the individual´s own brain oscillatory activity to guide stimulation, om another attempt to individualize and personalize analgesic approaches to neuropathic pain by non-invasive neuromodulation.