The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is incompletely understood. The application of advanced and human-derived in vitro model systems is becoming increasingly relevant. In this context, the contribution of neuronal and non-neuronal cells is increasingly recognized. In this presentation, current knowledge on patient-derived neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the context of neuropathic pain will be presented and critically debated with the audience. Clinical reflections in terms of small fiber pathology in diverse pain syndromes will be highlighted and potential novel targets for analgesic treatment discussed.