Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, which some of, but not all, the patients suffering form pain or lack of sensation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recent evidence showed increased cutaneous macrophage infiltration in patients with type 2 diabetes accompanying painful DPN, if the same also applies to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unknown. The clinical research included 26 healthy controls and 78 well-characterized patients with T1D, where we studied the association between the cutaneous immune cells (the epidermis-resident Langerhans cells (LCs, CD207+) and the dermis-resident Iba1+ macrophages (ɸiba1)) and DPN or neuropathic pain in patient with T1D. Three LC morphological characteristics, the cell number density, soma cross-sectional area and LC processes and the ɸiba1 infiltration were estimated. The results suggests that the cutaneous immune cells involved immune responses in T1D might be different form T2D, especially, with the previous evidence showed an increase of ɸiba1 in patients with T2D accompanying DPN and neuropathic pain compared to controls, where this study found a decrease of ɸiba1 in patients with T1D accompanying DPN compared to the healthy controls. Besides, LC number density may be associated with neuropathy severity and sensory abnormalities in patient with T1D and DPN.