In this workshop, Dr. Sakai will present the evidence showing a potential of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in primary sensory neurons as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for peripheral neuropathy. Neat1 lncRNA, as a molecular mechanism dictating pro-inflammatory changes of primary sensory neurons, plays a key role in neuropathic pain. Neat1 is a nuclear lncRNA that increases expression of multiple pro-inflammatory genes to induce neuroinflammation. In addition, Dr. Sakai will also present a biomarker potential of human lncRNAs in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Through analysis of iPS cell-derived primary sensory neurons, Dr. Sakai identified many human lncRNAs whose extracellular release in extracellular vesicles was enhanced by chemotherapeutic agent. Notably, plasma levels of these lncRNAs were also changed in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy and predicted the development of chronic neuropathy after finishing the treatment. Dr Sakai will discuss the potential applications of lncRNAs in treating pain disorders.